The difference between a PRO process and the PRO membrane orientation mode
PRO process vs. PRO membrane orientation mode - a question from one of our readers
Recently, ForwardOsmosisTech received the following email from one our readers:
Hi
I'm really confused, and have one question about...
Membrane fouling in forward osmosis (FO) processes is reversible
Membrane fouling in reverse osmosis and forward osmosis processes
The difference in membrane fouling between reverse osmosis and forward osmosis processes can be attributed to the underlying driving force for water transport.
In...
Hollow fiber forward osmosis membrane modules
Hollow fibre modules made from hollow fibre forward osmosis membranes
Hollow fibre module summary
Packing density
up to 1600 m2/m3
Advantage
ideally suitable for high volume applications due to high packing density and resulting small module...
Spiral wound forward osmosis membrane modules
Spiral wound modules made from flat sheet forward osmosis membranes
Spiral wound module summary
Packing density
up to 600 m2/m3
Advantage
suitable for large-volume applications due to high packing density and resulting small membrane footprint
Disadvantage
membrane fouling...
Tubular forward osmosis membrane modules
Tubular modules made from tubular forward osmosis membranes
Tubular module summary
Packing density
Up to 500 m2/m3
Advantage
ease of modularization and ease operation when wastestreams contain high amounts of fouling agents and/or solutions entering the...
Plate and frame forward osmosis membrane modules
Plate & frame modules made from flat sheet forward osmosis membranes
Plate & frame (stacked) FO module summary
Packing density
typically below 100 m2/m3
Advantage
ease of operation when waste streams contain high amounts of fouling...
The 4 different designs of forward osmosis (FO) membrane modules
An overview of the 4 different types of forward osmosis (FO) membrane modules
FO membrane modules come in 4 generic design variants, namely the plate & frame module, the spiral wound module,...
The relationship between forward osmosis membrane structure and performance by Tiraferri et. al. 2011
Why Tiraferri et. al. 2011 is a must read within the field of forward osmosis membrane development.
In their article "Relating performance of thin-film composite forward osmosis membranes to support layer formation...
An all-encompassing review of forward osmosis technologies anno 2012 by Zhao et. al.
Why Zhao et. al. 2012 is one of the best recent review articles on forward osmosis technologies
In their article “Recent developments in forward osmosis: Opportunities and challenges ” from 2012, Zhao...
Forward osmosis (FO) membrane designs and materials
Asymmetric cellulose acetate and cellulose triacetate based forward osmosis membranes formed by phase inversion (both support membrane and active layer)
Before proceeding with the main content sections of this article, we would...
